New Beginnings: Cities and States

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द्वितीय नगरीकरण प्रथम सहस्राब्दी BCE में नगर विकास का एक नया चरण था। यह गंगा के मैदानों में आरम्भ हुआ और उपमहाद्वीप के अन्य भागों में फैल गया। यह पुरातात्विक उत्खनन और उत्तर वैदिक, बौद्ध और जैन साहित्…

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The Second Urbanisation was a new phase of city growth in the 1st millennium BCE. It began in the Ganga plains and spread to other parts of the Subcontinent. It is known from archaeological excavation…

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The Harappan civilisation disintegrated in the early 2nd millennium BCE. Urban life then remained absent from India for a whole millennium, although a few towns may have continued in some places.

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दूसरी सहस्राब्दी BCE की शुरुआत में हड़प्पा सभ्यता विघटित हो गई। इसके बाद भारत में एक पूरी सहस्राब्दी तक शहरी जीवन अनुपस्थित रहा, हालांकि कुछ स्थानों पर कुछ शहर बने रहे होंगे।…

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जनपद का अर्थ है वह भूमि जहाँ लोग बस गए हों। यह एक कबीले या समूह से जुड़ा हुआ क्षेत्र था और इसका नेतृत्व राजा नामक शासक करता था।…

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Janapada means the land where people have settled. It was a territory linked to a clan or group, and it was led by a ruler called a raja.

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Janapadas grew as trade networks expanded. By the 8th or 7th centuries BCE, some of these early states merged into larger units called mahajanapadas.

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Janapadas grew as trade networks expanded. By the 8th or 7th centuries BCE, some of these early states merged into larger units called mahajanapadas.