New Beginnings: Cities and States
CBSE · Class 7 · Social Science
Complete topic list for New Beginnings: Cities and States in CBSE Class 7 Social Science. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in New Beginnings: Cities and States
1. From the First Urbanisation to the Second Urbanisation
- The Harappan civilisation disintegrated in the early 2nd millennium BCE.
- For about a thousand years, urban life remained absent from India.
- A new phase of urbanisation began in the 1st millennium BCE in the Ganga plains, parts of the Indus basin, and nearby regions.
2. Janapadas and Mahajanapadas
- Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, clans and groups settled in territories called janapadas.
- A janapada was a region where people had settled down.
- As trade expanded, some janapadas became larger and merged into mahajanapadas.
3. Early Democratic Traditions
- Each janapada had an assembly or council called sabha or samiti.
- Important matters were discussed in these assemblies.
- The raja was expected to take advice from the assembly, ministers, and administrators.
4. Fortified Cities and Duties of Kings
- Many mahajanapada capitals were large, well-fortified cities.
- A moat often surrounded the fortifications as extra defence.
- Gateway openings were narrow so that movement of people and goods could be controlled.
Key Concepts
Central concept: The rise of janapadas and mahajanapadas and the Second Urbanisation in India
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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