Light: Mirrors and Lenses

Always erect, Always diminished, Shows lateral inversion

Convex mirrors always form erect and diminished images regardless of the object's position. They also show lateral inversion like all mirrors. They never form inverted or enlarged images.

Torch reflectors, Car headlights, Dental mirrors

Concave mirrors are used in torch reflectors, car headlights, and dental mirrors because they can converge light and provide enlarged images when objects are close. Vehicle side mirrors and store security mirrors use convex mirrors.

Erect and diminished

A concave lens always forms an erect and diminished image regardless of the object's position. The image appears smaller than the actual object and is upright.

Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection, All rays lie in the same plane, Laws apply to all types of mirrors

The two laws of reflection state that: 1) angle of incidence equals angle of reflection, and 2) the incident ray, normal, and reflected ray all lie in the same plane. These laws apply to all mirrors, not just plane mirrors.