Temperature

Angular length of Sun's rays, Length of day, Density of atmosphere, Distribution of land and water

The main factors affecting insolation distribution are angular length of Sun's rays, length of day, atmospheric density, and land-water distribution. Earth's rotation speed doesn't directly affect insolation distribution.

Land heats up faster than water

Land heats up rapidly because it's solid and opaque, fully receiving Sun's heat. Water heats slowly due to dispersion through currents, transparency, and reflection.

6.5°C per km

Under normal conditions, temperature falls by 6.5°C for every kilometer of ascent in the troposphere. This is the standard lapse rate.

Latitude, Height above sea level, Distance from sea, Ocean currents, Relief

Factors affecting temperature include latitude, altitude, distance from sea, ocean currents, and relief. Longitude doesn't directly affect temperature distribution.