Main Forms Of Market

Oligopoly

Step 1: Interdependence in decision-making is the most important and distinguishing feature of oligopoly. Step 2: Under oligopoly, there are only a few large firms. Each firm controls a considerable portion of total market supply. Step 3: Therefore, when one firm changes its price or output, it directly affects the sales and profits of rival firms. Step 4: Rival firms then react by changing their own prices and output — this chain of reactions makes each firm's decision dependent on what others do. Step 5: Under perfect competition and monopolistic competition, the large number of firms means

Price is equal to Average Variable Cost

Step 1: In the short run, a firm has two types of costs — fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs must be paid even if output is zero. Step 2: A firm will continue production as long as it can at least cover its variable costs (AVC), because any revenue above AVC helps recover some fixed costs. Step 3: The shut-down point is the minimum price at which the firm is willing to produce. It is the point where Price (P) = AVC. Step 4: If price falls below AVC, the firm cannot even cover its variable costs — it is better off shutting down production since losses would exceed fixed costs. Step 5:

Charging different prices for the same product from different buyers, not due to cost differences

Step 1: Price discrimination is a pricing strategy that only a monopolist can effectively use due to complete market control. Step 2: It means charging different prices from different buyers for the same product, where the price difference is NOT due to any difference in the cost of supplying the product. Step 3: For example, Indian Railways charges lower fares from senior citizens compared to regular passengers for the same journey — this is price discrimination. Step 4: Another example is Electricity Boards charging lower rates for agricultural use versus domestic use, even though the electr

Monopolistic Competition

Step 1: Selling costs are expenses incurred on marketing, sales promotion, and advertisement to promote sales of a firm's product. Step 2: Under perfect competition, products are homogeneous — there is no need to advertise since all products are identical and buyers already know the price. Step 3: Under monopoly, there is only one seller — the firm does not need heavy advertising since buyers have no alternative choice. At most, only informative selling costs are incurred. Step 4: Under monopolistic competition, products are differentiated. Each firm must convince buyers that its product (its