Struggle for Freedom (I)

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Patriotism means love for the nation. It is shown not only by sacrifice in war, but also by respecting the country's culture, history, and people.

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After 1857, Indians became more aware of British rule and began to develop national political consciousness. Many people felt discontent because British rule affected Indian life, economy, and dignity…

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British rule harmed Indian interests. The village economy was shattered, Indian industries declined, unemployment increased, peasants suffered, and Indian money was spent on British needs. This create…

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Modern education exposed Indians to western ideas like democracy, equality, and nationalism. It also helped them read about the American and French Revolutions. These ideas inspired Indians to think a…

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English and regional newspapers criticised British policies, shaped public opinion, and spread nationalist ideas. Writers and poets such as Bhartendu Harischandra, Subramania Bharati, and Rabindranath…

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Lord Lytton introduced repressive policies that increased anger against British rule. He removed import duties on British goods, held the Imperial Durbar in 1877 during a severe famine, and passed the…

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The Arms Act was a law passed by Lord Lytton in 1878. It forbade Indians from possessing arms and was one of the repressive policies that increased resentment against British rule.

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The Vernacular Press Act was a law passed by Lord Lytton in 1878. It placed restrictions on newspapers in Indian languages and limited freedom of the press.