Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Punjab Board · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Principles of Inheritance and Variation — Punjab Board Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Get startedWhat is genetics and what are its two main focuses?
Answer
Genetics is a branch of biology that studies the inheritance and variation of characters from parents to offspring. Its two main focuses are: (1) Inheritance - the process by which characters pass fro…
Who was Gregor Mendel and what was the significance of his work?
Answer
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist who conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas from 1856-1863. The significance of his work was that he: (1) Proposed the fundamental laws of inheritanc…
What are the seven traits Mendel studied in pea plants and give examples of their contrasting forms?
Answer
The seven traits Mendel studied in pea plants were: (1) Stem height - Tall vs. Dwarf, (2) Flower color - Violet vs. White, (3) Flower position - Axial vs. Terminal, (4) Pod shape - Inflated vs. Constr…
What is a true-breeding line and why were they important to Mendel's experiments?
Answer
A true-breeding line is a population of organisms that, after continuous self-pollination, shows stable trait inheritance and expression for several generations. They were important to Mendel's experi…
Describe the results of Mendel's monohybrid cross between tall and dwarf pea plants in the F1 and F2 generations.
Answer
In Mendel's monohybrid cross between tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) plants: F1 Results: All F1 plants were tall (Tt), resembling one parent while the dwarf trait disappeared. F2 Results (from self-pollinati…
What are genes and alleles, and how do they differ?
Answer
Genes are the units of inheritance that contain information required to express a particular trait in an organism. They are discrete, stable factors passed from parent to offspring unchanged through g…
Explain the terms genotype and phenotype with an example from pea plant height.
Answer
Genotype is the genetic composition of an organism - the actual alleles present for a trait. Phenotype is the observable physical characteristic or appearance of an organism, determined by genotype an…
What is dominance and recessiveness? Why is the capital/lowercase letter convention useful?
Answer
Dominance is when one allele (dominant) masks or suppresses the expression of another allele (recessive) in a heterozygous condition. The dominant allele's trait is expressed while the recessive allel…
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