Democracy: An Evolving Idea

Sinhala was made the only official language

After Sri Lanka's independence in 1948, the Sinhala majority community adopted majoritarian measures to establish dominance. Making Sinhala the only official language while disregarding Tamil was one of these measures. This policy, along with preferential treatment for Sinhala speakers in jobs and protection of Buddhism, increased alienation among Tamil minorities. This majoritarianism eventually led to ethnic conflict and civil war, showing how ignoring minority rights can destroy democracy and national unity.

Equal representation and power sharing between communities

Belgium adopted an innovative accommodation model with equal Dutch and French-speaking ministers in central government, special laws requiring majority support from each linguistic group, power sharing between regions, and separate community governments for cultural issues. This power-sharing arrangement respected all communities' interests and avoided the civil strife that occurred in Sri Lanka. The Belgian model shows how democracy can work when it is inclusive rather than majoritarian.

Citizens should participate in making and implementing policies

Democracy requires more than just voting in elections. Citizens should actively participate in policy-making through public discussions, expressing their needs and views, and being involved in implementing policies through independent citizen committees. This continuous participation ensures that government remains responsive to people's needs. When citizens remain apathetic and don't participate beyond voting, democracy becomes weaker as seen in countries where large percentages don't even vote in elections.

Elections where any party can compete without unfair advantages

Free and fair elections are essential for democracy, meaning any party or individual can compete on equal terms without special advantages for ruling parties. This requires that opposition candidates aren't rejected unfairly, voter lists aren't manipulated, government machinery isn't misused for campaigning, and media provides balanced coverage. Countries like Mexico (until 2000), Zimbabwe, and China show examples where elections exist but aren't free and fair due to restrictions on opposition, misuse of power, or limited party choices.