Planning and Organising

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Planning is the process of setting future objectives and deciding on the ways and means to achieve them. It involves deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who will do it. Fo…

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Planning is the first function performed by managers and forms the foundation for all other functions like organising, staffing, directing, and controlling. Without planning, other activities would la…

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The features of planning are: 1. Primary function of management 2. Goal-directed 3. Pervasive (done at all levels) 4. Futuristic (future-oriented) 5. Intellectual activity (requires thinking) 6. Conti…

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Planning helps managers anticipate changes and prepare for future events. By forecasting market trends, economic conditions, or competition, organisations can develop alternative strategies. For examp…

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Limitations of planning include: 1. Rigidity – strict plans may resist change 2. Based on assumptions – may not match reality 3. Time-consuming and expensive 4. May delay urgent actions 5. Can create …

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The planning process involves seven steps: 1. Establish objectives 2. Make assumptions (planning premises) 3. Develop alternative courses of action 4. Evaluate alternatives 5. Select the best course 6…

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Planning premises are assumptions about future conditions, both internal and external, that affect the plan. External premises include market demand, competition, laws, and technology. Internal premis…

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Internal planning premises relate to conditions within the organisation such as employee skills, machinery, and capital. External premises relate to outside factors like government policies, market tr…