Inflation And Trade Cycles — Syllabus
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Economics
What Inflation And Trade Cycles covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Economics: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.
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Topics in Inflation And Trade Cycles
Inflation: Definition and Types
- Inflation is a persistent rise in the general price level over time.
- It reduces the purchasing power of money.
- Types of inflation based on rate: creeping, walking, running, galloping, and hyperinflation.
Causes and Effects of Inflation
- Main causes: government expenditure, deficit financing, population growth, tax reduction, and increased money supply.
- High inflation harms fixed-income groups like pensioners and salaried workers.
- Debtors gain and creditors lose during inflation.
Measures to Control Inflation
- Monetary measures: Central bank controls money supply and credit (e.g., increasing interest rates).
- Fiscal measures: Government uses taxation, spending, and borrowing to control inflation.
- Direct measures: Price controls and rationing of essential goods like food and fuel.
Trade Cycles: Features and Phases
- Trade cycles are periodic fluctuations in economic activity like output, employment, and prices.
- They are not regular but have distinct phases: expansion, peak, contraction, depression, and recovery.
- Originate in market economies and affect all sectors due to interdependence.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Inflation and Trade Cycles
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Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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