Tie-Rod and Pipe Joints

Given:
- A Turnbuckle consisting of: Body (M.S.) – 1 off, Rod A (M.S.) – 1 off, Rod B (M.S.) – 1 off.
- Scale: 1:1
- 55 mm threaded portion of each rod is inserted inside the body.

Concept / Assembly Principle:
A Turnbuckle is a tie-rod joint used to connect two rods under tension. The body is a hexagonal or cylindrical barrel with internal right-hand (RH) thread at one end and left-hand (LH) thread at the other end. Rod A has RH external thread and Rod B has LH external thread. When the body is rotated, both rods are drawn in or pushed out simultaneously.

Steps for Drawing:

Step 1 – Understand the parts:
- Body: Hexagonal barrel with a central hole threaded RH on one side and LH on the other. Note the overall length and outer hexagonal size from the given detail drawing.
- Rod A: Cylindrical rod with RH threaded end (thread length sufficient to insert 55 mm inside body).
- Rod B: Cylindrical rod with LH threaded end (thread length sufficient to insert 55 mm inside body).

Step 2 – Assembly:
- Screw Rod A into the RH threaded end of the body so that 55 mm of its threaded portion lies inside the body.
- Screw Rod B into the LH threaded end of the body so that 55 mm of its threaded portion lies inside the body.
- The two rods project outward from either end of the body.

Step 3 – Draw Front View (Upper Half in Section):
- Draw the overall outline of the assembled turnbuckle as a front view.
- The upper half is shown in section (cutting plane passes through the axis).
- In the sectioned upper half:
- Show the internal threads of the body (represented by thin lines for thread roots and thick lines for thread crests, or by conventional thread representation as per SP:46).
- Show 55 mm of Rod A's threaded shank inside the body on the RH side.
- Show 55 mm of Rod B's threaded shank inside the body on the LH side.
- Apply hatching (section lines at 45°) to the cut surfaces of the body.
- The lower half shows the external hexagonal profile of the body and the external view of the rods.
- Mark the 55 mm insertion depth with a dimension line on each side.

Step 4 – Draw Left Hand Side View:
- Project the left-hand side view from the front view.
- The body appears as a regular hexagon (across flats dimension as given).
- The rod appears as a circle (diameter of rod shank) concentric with the hexagon.
- Show hidden lines if required for the internal bore.

Step 5 – Dimensioning and Labelling:
- Provide overall length of assembly.
- Diameter of rods.
- Across-flats dimension of body.
- Length of body.
- 55 mm threaded insertion length.
- Thread designation (e.g., M20 or as per given detail).
- Write title: TURNBUCKLE — ASSEMBLY, Scale 1:1.

Important Note on dimensions (read from detail drawing Fig. 5.8):
- Overall length of body ≈ as given in detail.
- Rod diameter and thread size as given.
- The total assembled length = Length of body + protruding length of Rod A + protruding length of Rod B (after 55 mm insertion each side).

Result: The assembled front view (upper half in section) clearly shows the internal threaded engagement of 55 mm on each side, and the left-hand side view shows the hexagonal cross-section of the body with the rod circle inside.

Given:
- Parts: (a) Body, (b) Rod-A (LH thread, $\phi$20), (c) Rod-B.
- Scale: 1:1
- 50 mm threaded portion of each rod inserted inside the body.

Concept:
Same as Exercise 1. The body has LH thread on one end (for Rod-A, $\phi$20 LH) and RH thread on the other end (for Rod-B). Rotating the body tightens or loosens the joint.

Assembly Steps:
- Insert Rod-A (LH thread, $\phi$20) into the LH threaded end of the body — 50 mm inside.
- Insert Rod-B (RH thread) into the RH threaded end of the body — 50 mm inside.

Step 1 – Lower Half Sectional Elevation (Front View, lower half in section):
- Draw the complete outline of the assembled turnbuckle in elevation (front view).
- The lower half is cut by a horizontal cutting plane through the axis.
- In the lower half section:
- Show the internal bore of the body with conventional thread representation.
- Show 50 mm of Rod-A threaded shank inside the body (LH side).
- Show 50 mm of Rod-B threaded shank inside the body (RH side).
- Apply 45° hatching to sectioned material (body cross-section).
- The upper half shows the external view: hexagonal flats of body, external profile of rods.

Step 2 – Plan (Top View):
- Project the top view below (or above, as per convention) the elevation.
- Body appears as a hexagon (regular, across-flats as given).
- Rods appear as rectangles (width = rod diameter) projecting from each end of the hexagon.
- Show centre lines.
- Hidden lines for internal bore shown as dashed lines.

Step 3 – Six Important Dimensions to be given:
$$\text{1. Overall length of assembly}$$
$$\text{2. Length of body (barrel)}$$
$$\text{3. Diameter of Rod-A } (\phi 20)$$
$$\text{4. Diameter of Rod-B}$$
$$\text{5. Across-flats dimension of hexagonal body}$$
$$\text{6. Threaded insertion length } = 50 \text{ mm (each side)}$$

Step 4 – Title Block:
- Title: TURNBUCKLE — ASSEMBLY
- Scale: 1:1
- Draw the first-angle or third-angle projection symbol as applicable.

Result: The lower half sectional elevation shows internal thread engagement of 50 mm on each side; the plan shows the hexagonal body with rod projections.

Given:
- Assembled Turnbuckle (Fig. 5.12) is given.
- Disassemble and draw individual parts separately.
- Scale: 1:1
- Maintain the same orientation w.r.t. H.P. and V.P. as in the assembly.

Concept:
Disassembly means drawing each part separately (detail drawing) in the same position/orientation as it appears in the assembly view.

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(a) BODY:

Part description: The body is a hexagonal barrel with a central through-hole. One half has RH internal thread, the other half has LH internal thread. There is a central collar or the hex section runs the full length.

(i) Front View — Upper Half in Section:
- Draw the front view of the body alone (without rods).
- The upper half is sectioned by a horizontal plane through the axis.
- In the upper half (section):
- Show the internal bore diameter.
- Show RH thread on one side and LH thread on the other side (conventional thread representation: thin lines for roots, thick lines for crests, or simplified representation).
- Apply 45° hatching to the cut material.
- The lower half shows the external hexagonal profile.
- Mark: overall length of body, bore diameter, across-flats dimension, thread designation.

(ii) Top View:
- Project the top view from the front view.
- The body appears as a rectangle (length = body length, width = across-flats dimension).
- Show the hexagonal flats as visible lines.
- Show the central bore as hidden (dashed) lines.
- Mark centre lines.

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(b) ROD B:

Part description: Rod B is a cylindrical rod with one end having external thread (RH or LH as applicable) and the other end plain or with a hole/eye for connection.

(i) Front View:
- Draw Rod B in the same orientation as in the assembly (axis horizontal).
- Show the threaded end with conventional thread representation (length of thread as readable from assembly).
- Show the plain shank portion.
- Show the other end (eye/plain end) as applicable.
- Dimension: overall length, shank diameter, thread length, thread designation.

(ii) Left Side View:
- Project the left side view from the front view.
- The rod appears as a circle (diameter = shank diameter $\phi$).
- If the end has a flat or hole, show accordingly.
- Show centre lines.

Result: Four separate views are drawn — Body (front view upper half in section + top view) and Rod B (front view + left side view) — each to scale 1:1 in the same orientation as the assembly.

Given:
- Parts of a Flange Pipe Joint (Fig. 5.20): Two flanges (Flange A and Flange B), pipe sections, bolts and nuts, gasket.
- Scale: 1:1

Concept:
A Flange Pipe Joint connects two pipes using flanges welded/screwed to pipe ends. The flanges are bolted together with a gasket in between to prevent leakage. Bolts pass through holes in the flanges and are secured with nuts.

Assembly Steps:
- Place Flange A on one pipe end and Flange B on the other pipe end (flanges face each other).
- Place the gasket between the two flange faces.
- Insert bolts through the bolt holes of both flanges.
- Tighten nuts on the bolts to clamp the flanges together.

Step 1 – Front View, Lower Half in Section:
- Draw the complete outline of the assembled flange pipe joint in front view (elevation, axis horizontal).
- The lower half is sectioned by a horizontal cutting plane through the axis.
- In the lower half (section):
- Show the pipe bore (inner diameter) as a continuous line.
- Show the flange thickness, bolt holes, and gasket in section.
- Show one bolt (in the cutting plane) in section — bolt shank shown with hatching, nut shown in section.
- Apply 45° hatching to all cut metal parts (flanges, pipe walls). Use different hatch angles or spacing for different parts.
- The gasket (if in cutting plane) is shown very thin with close hatching.
- The upper half shows the external view: outer diameter of flanges, bolt heads visible, pipe outer diameter.
- Mark: pipe outer diameter, pipe bore, flange outer diameter, flange thickness, bolt circle diameter (PCD), bolt size.

Step 2 – Left Side View:
- Project the left side view.
- Shows the circular flange face.
- Draw concentric circles for: pipe bore, pipe outer diameter, bolt circle (PCD), flange outer diameter.
- Show bolt holes as small circles on the PCD (number of bolts as given, equally spaced).
- Show bolt heads as circles (or hexagons if visible).
- Mark centre lines (horizontal + vertical + bolt circle).

Step 3 – Dimensioning:
- Pipe outer diameter and bore.
- Flange outer diameter.
- Flange thickness.
- Bolt circle diameter (PCD).
- Number and size of bolts (e.g., $4 \times$ M16).
- Overall length of assembly.

Result: The assembled front view (lower half in section) and left side view of the Flange Pipe Joint are drawn to scale 1:1.

Given:
- Details of Flange Pipe Joint parts (Fig. 5.21).
- Scale: Full size (1:1).
- Draw projection symbol.
- Give six important dimensions.

Concept: Same as Exercise 4. The Flange Pipe Joint uses two flanges bolted together with a gasket.

Assembly:
- Fit flanges onto respective pipe ends.
- Place gasket between flange faces.
- Insert bolts through flange holes and tighten with nuts.

Step 1 – Upper Half Sectional Front View:
- Draw the complete front view outline of the assembled joint (axis horizontal).
- The upper half is sectioned by a horizontal cutting plane through the axis.
- In the upper half (section):
- Show pipe wall thickness in section (hatched at 45°).
- Show flange body in section (hatched).
- Show gasket between flanges (thin, close-hatched or shown as a thick line).
- Show bolt in the cutting plane: shank in section (hatched), nut in section.
- Show internal bore of pipe as a clear space.
- The lower half: external view showing flange OD, pipe OD, bolt heads/nuts externally.
- Centre line along the pipe axis must be drawn.

Step 2 – Left-Hand Side View:
- Shows the flange face as seen from the left.
- Concentric circles:
- Innermost: pipe bore ($\phi_{bore}$)
- Next: pipe outer diameter ($\phi_{OD}$)
- Bolt circle (PCD): dashed circle with bolt hole circles on it
- Outermost: flange outer diameter ($\phi_{flange}$)
- Bolt holes equally spaced on PCD.
- Centre lines: two perpendicular diameters + bolt circle as chain-dotted circle.

Step 3 – Six Important Dimensions:
$$\text{1. Pipe outer diameter } (\phi_{OD})$$
$$\text{2. Pipe bore (inner diameter) } (\phi_{bore})$$
$$\text{3. Flange outer diameter } (\phi_{flange})$$
$$\text{4. Flange thickness}$$
$$\text{5. Pitch Circle Diameter of bolt holes (PCD)}$$
$$\text{6. Bolt size and number (e.g., } 4 \times M16\text{)}$$

Step 4 – Title Block and Projection Symbol:
- Title: FLANGE PIPE JOINT — ASSEMBLY
- Scale: 1:1
- Draw First Angle Projection symbol (or Third Angle as instructed by teacher): a truncated cone symbol placed in the title block.

Result: Upper half sectional front view and left-hand side view drawn to 1:1 scale with title, scale, projection symbol, and six dimensions.

Given:
- Assembled Flange Pipe Joint (Fig. 5.24).
- Disassemble and draw individual parts separately.
- Scale: 1:1
- Maintain same orientation w.r.t. H.P. and V.P.

Concept:
Disassembly drawing means extracting individual parts from the assembly and drawing their detail (orthographic) views in the same orientation.

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(a) FLANGE A:

Part description: Flange A is a circular disc (flange) with a central bore (to fit the pipe), bolt holes on a pitch circle, and a hub/collar on one side for pipe connection. It is made of Cast Iron or M.S.

(i) Front View — Top Half in Section:
- Draw the front view of Flange A alone (axis horizontal, flange face facing left or right as in assembly).
- The top half is sectioned by a horizontal cutting plane through the axis.
- In the top half (section):
- Show the central bore (pipe hole) — clear space.
- Show the flange body thickness in section — hatched at 45°.
- Show the hub/spigot (if any) in section.
- Show one bolt hole (if it falls in the cutting plane) — clear space (not hatched).
- The bottom half: external view showing flange OD, hub OD, bolt hole positions.
- Dimension: flange OD, bore diameter, hub diameter, flange thickness, hub length.

(ii) Left Side View:
- Shows the circular face of Flange A.
- Concentric circles for: bore, hub OD (if applicable), bolt circle (PCD), flange OD.
- Bolt holes as small circles equally spaced on PCD.
- Centre lines: two perpendicular diameters + PCD as chain-dotted circle.
- Dimension: PCD, number of bolt holes, bolt hole diameter.

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(b) HEXAGONAL NUT:

Part description: A standard hexagonal nut of the bolt size used in the flange joint (e.g., M16). It has a hexagonal outer profile, internal thread, and chamfered top face.

(i) Front View:
- Draw the front view of the hexagonal nut (axis vertical, as it sits on the bolt).
- Shows two flats of the hexagon (width across flats = $s$, where $s \approx 1.5d + 3$ mm for standard nut, $d$ = bolt diameter).
- Height of nut $\approx 0.8d$ (standard proportion).
- Show the chamfer arc on the top: a circular arc of radius $= s$ (across flats) drawn from corner to corner.
- Show internal thread as hidden lines (two dashed lines for thread).
- Dimension: across-flats ($s$), height of nut, thread designation (e.g., M16).

$$\text{Across flats: } s \approx 1.5d + 3 \text{ mm}$$
$$\text{Height: } h \approx 0.8d$$

(ii) Right Side View:
- Project the right side view from the front view.
- Shows two flats of the hexagon (same width $s$ as front view — since regular hexagon, opposite faces are parallel).
- Same height as front view.
- Chamfer arc visible on top.
- Internal thread shown as hidden lines.
- Centre lines marked.

Note: For a regular hexagon, the right side view looks identical to the front view (both show two flats). The across-corners dimension $e = \frac{2s}{\sqrt{3}}$ is visible in the top view (not asked here).

Result: Four separate detail views are drawn — Flange A (front view top half in section + left side view) and Hexagonal Nut (front view + right side view) — each to scale 1:1 in the same orientation as the assembly.