Ecosystem
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
Most important questions from Ecosystem for ICSE Class 12 Biology board exam 2026. MCQs, short answer, and long answer questions with marks.
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The 10% law of energy transfer in ecosystems was proposed by:
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Raymond Lindemann
Raymond Lindemann (1942) proposed the 10% law — only about 10% of energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next. This limits the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems.
According to the 10% law, if producers have 10,000 kcal of energy, primary consumers would have:
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1,000 kcal
10% of 10,000 = 1,000 kcal. The 90% is lost as heat, used in respiration, or not consumed. Only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level.
An ecological pyramid of numbers represents:
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The number of organisms at each trophic level
The pyramid of numbers shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level. It is often upright but can be inverted (e.g., one tree supporting many insects).
Decomposition is the process of breaking down:
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Dead organic matter (detritus) into simpler inorganic substances
Decomposition breaks down dead organic matter (leaves, bodies, faeces) into simpler inorganic compounds like CO2, water, and mineral salts, recycling nutrients back to the ecosystem.
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