Ecosystem

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An ecosystem is the sum total of interaction between living and non-living components, and it is capable of independent existence. It is a self-sufficient unit where energy flows and materials cycle b…

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G. Tansley coined the term ecosystem in 1935. He defined it as the sum total of interaction between living and non-living components capable of independent existence.

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The ecosystem idea dates back to 1877, when Forbes and Mobius stated that the unit of study of ecology must include the whole tangled mixture of plants and animals and their physical surroundings.

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E. P. Odum defined ecosystem in 1962 as the basic functional unit of organisms and their environment, interacting with each other and with their own components.

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The main components are biotic components and abiotic components. Biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Abiotic components include soil, water, air, light, temperature, humi…

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Producers are green plants and other photosynthetic organisms that prepare food from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight. They convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in food, so they act…

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Primary consumers are herbivores that feed directly on producers. Examples include insects, rodents, rabbit, deer, cow, buffalo, and goat.

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Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat primary consumers. Examples include sparrow, crow, fox, dogs, and cats.