Ecosystem
ICSE · Class 12 · Biology
Flashcards for Ecosystem — ICSE Class 12 Biology. Quick Q&A cards covering key concepts, definitions, and formulas.
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Explore the full setWho coined the term "ecosystem" and when? Who first described the concept?
Answer
G. Tansley coined the term "ecosystem" in 1935. EP Odum (1962) defined it as "the basic functional unit of organisms and their environment." Forbes and Mobius (1877) first described the concept of the…
What makes an ecosystem an "open system"?
Answer
An ecosystem is an open system because it exchanges both energy and matter with the surrounding environment. Energy enters as sunlight from outside and exits as heat. Matter (nutrients) cycles within …
Name the three essential biotic components of an ecosystem.
Answer
Three essential biotic components: (1) Producers (autotrophs): green plants, algae, phytoplankton — fix solar energy through photosynthesis. (2) Consumers (heterotrophs): organisms that feed on produc…
Describe the three zones of a pond ecosystem.
Answer
(1) Littoral zone: shallow water near shore; sunlight reaches the bottom; rooted aquatic plants (Typha, Sagittaria, Ranunculus), insects, snails, frogs, amphibians. (2) Limnetic zone: open water, sunl…
Define PAR and what percentage of solar radiation it represents.
Answer
PAR = Photosynthetically Active Radiation = the wavelengths of light (400-700 nm) that plants can capture and use for photosynthesis. Of total solar radiation reaching Earth: only about 2-10% is captu…
Distinguish between GPP, NPP, and secondary productivity.
Answer
GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) = total rate of photosynthesis = total energy fixed by producers per unit area per unit time. NPP (Net Primary Productivity) = GPP − Respiration (R). Plants use some f…
What is standing crop and standing state?
Answer
Standing crop = the total amount of living organic matter (biomass) present in a trophic level or ecosystem at a given moment in time. Expressed as g m⁻² or kg m⁻². Standing state = the amount of inor…
Name and briefly describe the five steps of decomposition.
Answer
(1) Fragmentation: detritivores (earthworms, millipedes) break detritus into smaller pieces — increases surface area. (2) Leaching: water carries soluble nutrients into soil. (3) Catabolism: bacteria …
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