The spread of communism outside Europe and its effects on international relations

President Eisenhower; it argued that if one country in a region fell to communism, it would quickly cause neighbouring countries to become communist as well.

Step 1: The 'domino theory' is specifically associated with President Eisenhower (1953–61). Step 2: The theory used the analogy of a line of dominoes standing on end — if one falls, it knocks over the next, which knocks over the one after that. Step 3: Applied to politics, it meant that if one country 'fell' to communism, its neighbours would quickly follow. This justified deep American involvement in Vietnam. Step 4: Why Option A is wrong — Kennedy did not originate this theory and it was about communism, not colonial independence. Step 5: Why Option C is wrong — Truman's doctrine was about p

It was formed by various opposition groups including former Vietminh communists, demanding democratic coalition government, land reforms and peaceful reunification — showing the opposition was broader than just communist.

Step 1: The NLF was formed in 1960 by various opposition groups — not just communists. It included many former Vietminh members with different political views. Step 2: Their demands were actually democratic — a coalition government, land reforms, and peaceful negotiations for reunification — not a violent communist takeover. Step 3: Ngo Dinh Diem's government labelled ALL criticism and opposition as 'communist-inspired,' which was inaccurate and politically damaging. Step 4: This reveals a critical flaw in US policy — by blindly supporting Diem and dismissing the NLF as purely communist, the A

Allende was the first Marxist leader in the world to be voted into power through a free democratic election.

Step 1: All previous communist/Marxist governments had come to power through revolution, civil war or Soviet imposition — never through a free election. Step 2: Allende won the 1970 presidential election with 36% of the vote as leader of the Unidad Popular coalition, making him the world's first democratically elected Marxist head of state. Step 3: This was historically remarkable and deeply alarming to the USA and other right-wing governments, because it showed that communism could potentially win power peacefully — without revolution. Step 4: Why Option A is wrong — Cuba had already had a Ma

The CIA played a vital role in preparations for the coup, and the Nixon administration had been actively working to destabilise the Allende government for three years, even considering a coup immediately after Allende's election in 1970.

Step 1: The chapter states clearly that the CIA played a 'vital role' in the preparations for the coup. Step 2: There is evidence that the CIA had been considering a coup as soon as Allende won the election in 1970 — even before he had implemented any policies. Step 3: Nixon's administration had spent three years actively destabilising the Chilean economy — cutting economic aid, encouraging strikes, financing opposition. Nixon reportedly said they must 'make the Chilean economy scream.' Step 4: The CIA was helped by the Brazilian government, another repressive military regime, in planning the