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The spread of communism outside Europe and its effects on international relations

ICSE · Class 12 · History

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Key Topics to Revise

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7.1 The Korean War (1950-1953) and Its Effects on International Relations

  • Korea divided at 38th parallel in 1945 after Japanese defeat; North (Soviet zone) and South (American zone)
  • North Korea under Kim Il Sung; South Korea under Syngman Rhee—both authoritarian leaders claiming right to rule entire country
  • June 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea without clear indication of Soviet or Chinese direct involvement
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7.2 Cuba and Castro's Revolution (1959-1962)

  • Cuba economically dominated by USA since 1898; American companies controlled all major industries (sugar, tobacco, electricity, phones); US ambassador called 'second most important man in Cuba'
  • Pre-1959 problems: heavy unemployment (8-30% depending on season); wealth concentrated; no effective political system; Batista's corrupt military dictatorship (1952-1959)
  • Fidel Castro—young lawyer, initially liberal nationalist (not communist); led guerrilla campaign against Batista from 1953; won peasant support through land reforms
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7.3 The Wars in Vietnam (1946-1954 and 1961-1975)

  • First Indochina War (1946-1954): Vietnamese fought French for independence led by Ho Chi Minh's Vietminh (communist-led alliance)
  • Vietminh successful due to guerrilla tactics, popular support, Chinese communist aid (from 1950); French defeated at Dien Bien Phu (May 1954)
  • Geneva Agreement (1954): Vietnam temporarily divided at 17th parallel—Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam; elections planned for 1956 to reunify country
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7.4 Chile Under Salvador Allende (1970-1973)

  • September 1970: Salvador Allende elected president with 36% of votes—first Marxist democratically elected worldwide; led Unidad Popular (UP) coalition of communists, socialists, radicals, social democ
  • Chile had democratic tradition; three main political groups: Unidad Popular (left), Christian Democrats (center-left), National Party (conservative)
  • Allende's predecessor Frei (Christian Democrat, 1964-1970) had begun reforms: reduced inflation, land redistribution (1,200 properties), education expansion, nationalized half of American copper mines

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Key Concepts

After the Chinese Communist RevolutionKoreaFidel Castro overthrew the corrupt dictatorVietnamSalvador Allende became the world's first

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