International Problems
Maharashtra Board · Class 9 · History and Political Science
Complete topic list for International Problems in Maharashtra Board Class 9 History and Political Science. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in International Problems
Human Rights
- Human rights emerged from the concept of natural rights - rights we possess simply because we are human beings
- American and French Revolutions proclaimed Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Justice as fundamental human rights
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by UN General Assembly on 10th December 1948
Environmental Problems
- Environmental awareness began in 1970 with experts recognizing threats from industrialization
- First Earth Day celebrated on 22nd April 1970
- Stockholm Conference (5-16 June 1972) was first major UN environmental conference
Terrorism
- Terrorism is organized and planned violence to spread fear and terror for achieving political goals
- Targets innocent people, unlike traditional warfare between sovereign states
- Terrorist groups can operate across borders, making it a global security challenge
Refugee Problems
- Refugees are people forced to leave their homeland against their wishes due to persecution, war, or disasters
- Historical example: Jews tortured in Germany before WWII became refugees
- 1971: East Pakistan refugees came to India during liberation war
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