Solutions

Mass % of a component = (Mass of the component in the solution / Total mass of the solution) × 100

Volume % of a component = (Volume of the component / Total volume of solution) × 100

Parts per million = (Number of parts of the component / Total number of parts of all components of the solution) × 10^6

x_A = n_A / (n_A + n_B)

x_i = n_i / (n_1+n_2+...+n_i) = n_i/Σn_i

p = K_H x

i = Normal molar mass/Abnormal molar mass = Observed colligative property/Calculated colligative property

p_1 = p_1^0 x_1

p_2 = p_2^0 x_2

p_total = p_1 + p_2 = x_1 p_1^0 + x_2 p_2^0 = p_1^0 + (p_2^0 - p_1^0) x_2

p_i = y_i p_total

(p_1^0 - p_1)/p_1^0 = x_2 = n_2/(n_1+n_2) ≈ n_2/n_1 = (w_2×M_1)/(M_2×w_1)