Solutions — Important Questions

Lowering of vapor pressure, Elevation of boiling point, Depression of freezing point, Osmotic pressure

Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles, not their identity. The four main colligative properties are: lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure. Color and density depend on the nature of solute.

1M NaCl solution

NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions, giving 2 particles per formula unit. 1M NaCl effectively gives 2M particles. Glucose doesn't dissociate. More particles cause greater elevation in boiling point. Pure water has the lowest boiling point.

The entire range of concentration

An ideal solution is defined as one that obeys Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration (from 0 to 1 mole fraction). Real solutions may show deviations from Raoult's law at certain concentrations.

Solvent moves from lower concentration to higher concentration, It occurs through a semipermeable membrane, It can be reversed by applying pressure

Osmosis is the movement of solvent from lower to higher concentration through a semipermeable membrane. It can be reversed by applying pressure greater than osmotic pressure. It's a colligative property, so depends only on number of particles, not their nature. It occurs in both living and non-living systems.