Punjab Board Class 12 Chemistry — Flashcards

A: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components that has uniform composition and properties throughout. The component present in the largest quantity is the solvent, and components prese

A: The six types are: 1) Gas in gas (N₂ and O₂ mixture), 2) Gas in liquid (O₂ in water), 3) Liquid in liquid (ethanol in water), 4) Solid in liquid (glucose in water), 5) Liquid in solid (mercury in sodi

A: Mass % = (mass of solute / total mass of solution) × 100. Step 1: Total mass = 20g + 80g = 100g. Step 2: Mass % of glucose = (20g / 100g) × 100 = 20%. Step 3: Mass % of water = (80g / 100g) × 100 = 80

A: A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy. It consists of two half-cells (anode and cathode) connected by a salt

A: In a galvanic cell: ANODE is the electrode where oxidation occurs, making it the negative electrode (electrons are released here). CATHODE is the electrode where reduction occurs, making it the positi

A: Daniell Cell Half-Reactions: Anode (oxidation): Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ Cathode (reduction): Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu(s) Overall Reaction: Zn(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s) Emf = 1.1 V (at standard cond

A: Average rate is the change in concentration of a reactant or product over a specific time interval. Mathematical expression: Average rate = -Δ[R]/Δt = Δ[P]/Δt Where: - Δ[R] = change in concentration

A: Instantaneous rate is the rate of reaction at a specific moment in time (when Δt → 0). Mathematical expression: r_inst = -d[R]/dt = d[P]/dt Graphical Determination: 1. Plot concentration vs time cur

A: Given: [C₄H₉Cl]₀ = 0.100 M at t₁ = 0 s [C₄H₉Cl]₂ = 0.0671 M at t₂ = 200 s Step 1: Calculate Δ[C₄H₉Cl] Δ[C₄H₉Cl] = 0.0671 - 0.100 = -0.0329 M Step 2: Calculate Δt Δt = 200 - 0 = 200 s Step 3: Calcul