Excretion

Bowman's capsule, Glomerulus, Loop of Henle, Proximal convoluted tubule

A nephron consists of Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Ureter is not part of nephron but carries urine from kidney to bladder.

Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion, Formation of concentrated urine

Urine formation occurs in four main stages: glomerular filtration (filtering blood), tubular reabsorption (reclaiming useful substances), tubular secretion (adding wastes), and formation of concentrated urine.

Falling of leaves, Shedding of bark, Through stomata, Root secretions

Plants don't have specialized excretory organs. They excrete through falling leaves and bark (storing wastes), stomata (gaseous wastes), and root secretions. They don't have kidneys.

Contractile vacuole in Amoeba, Flame cells in Platyhelminthes, Nephridia in Annelids, Malpighian tubules in Insects

Different organisms have evolved different excretory organs: contractile vacuoles in unicellular organisms, flame cells in flatworms, nephridia in earthworms, and Malpighian tubules in insects. Not all animals have gills.