Democratic and Nationalist Revolutions: 17t,h 18th& 19th Centuries

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The Divine Right Theory was the belief that kings received their absolute powers directly from God, making them answerable only to God, not to Parliament or people. James I believed this theory justif…

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A system of government where the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution and they share power with elected representatives. In England after 1688, the king had limited powers and ministers were…

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It was called 'Glorious' or 'Bloodless' because the transformation from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy happened without any violence, bloodshed, or war. William of Orange and Mary were p…

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American colonists protested that they should not be forced to pay taxes to the British Parliament when they had no elected representatives in that Parliament to voice their concerns. They believed it…

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A historic document adopted on July 4, 1776, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson. It declared that 'all men are created equal' and have natural rights to 'life, liberty and pursuit of happiness' tha…

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1st Estate: Clergy (paid no taxes). 2nd Estate: Nobility (paid no taxes, enjoyed feudal privileges). 3rd Estate: Everyone else including merchants, lawyers, peasants (90% of population but paid all ta…

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A tax levied by the Church in France, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce. Peasants were forced to give this tax to the Church in addition to other taxes they paid to the state. This was …

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On June 20, 1789, Third Estate representatives met in a tennis court at Versailles and swore not to leave until they drafted a Constitution for France. Led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes, they declared t…