Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water, producing glucose and oxygen a

Chloroplasts are double

Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles containing thylakoids (site of light reactions) and stroma (site of dark reactions). Thylakoids are stacke

Light reactions occur in thylakoids

Light reactions occur in thylakoids and convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH). Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) occur in stroma and u

C3 plants fix CO₂ directly into

C3 plants fix CO₂ directly into RuBP. C4 plants (like maize) use PEP to concentrate CO₂ in bundle sheath cells. CAM plants (like cactus) open stomata

Internal factors include chlorophyll content

Internal factors include chlorophyll content, leaf age, and anatomy. External factors include light intensity, temperature, CO₂ concentration, and wat