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Syllabus

Circles — Syllabus

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Mathematics

What Circles covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Mathematics: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session. Topics include Standard and General Equation.

48 questions25 flashcards14 formulas & key relations5 concepts

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4 Topics · Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Mathematics · 2026-27

Topics in Circles

1

Standard and General Equation of a Circle

  • The standard form of the equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and radius r is: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r².
  • The general form of the equation of a circle is: x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
  • From the general form, the centre is (-g, -f) and the radius is √(g² + f² - c).
2

Special Cases and Diameter Form

  • If a circle passes through the origin, then c = 0 in the general form.
  • If the circle touches the x-axis, then |k| = r; if it touches the y-axis, then |h| = r.
  • When the endpoints of a diameter are (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂), the equation of the circle is (x - x₁)(x - x₂) + (y - y₁)(y - y₂) = 0.
3

Tangents, Normals, and Chords

  • The equation of the tangent to the circle S = 0 at point (x₁, y₁) is S₁ = 0.
  • The normal to a circle at a point passes through the centre and is perpendicular to the tangent.
  • The length of the tangent from an external point (x₁, y₁) to the circle S = 0 is √S₁₁.
4

Relative Position of Two Circles and Orthogonality

  • Two circles can intersect, touch externally/internally, or not touch at all depending on the distance between centres and sum/difference of radii.
  • Two circles are orthogonal if the angle between them is 90°, which happens when 2(gg' + ff') = c + c'.
  • The radical axis is the locus of points having equal power with respect to two circles and is given by S - S' = 0.

Key Concepts

Central concept: Circle

Definition of CircleEquation of a CircleDiameter FormParametric FormPosition of Point w.r.t. CircleTangent to a CircleNormal to a CircleChord of Contact

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Circles for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Mathematics?
Key topics in Circles include Standard and General Equation of a Circle, Special Cases and Diameter Form, Tangents, Normals, and Chords, Relative Position of Two Circles and Orthogonality. Study these first, then practise questions on each for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam.
How should I revise Circles for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 48 practice questions on Circles. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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All Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Mathematics Syllabus

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