Nuclear Physics — Formula Sheet

R = r₀ A¹/³

Δm = [Z·mₚ + (A−Z)·mₙ] − M

BE = Δm c²

BE/A = BE ÷ A

dN/dt = −λN

N(t) = N₀ e^(−λt)

T₁/₂ = 0.693 / λ

Mass defect is converted into binding energy via E = Δmc².

Isotones

same N, different Z (e.g., ¹³Al and ¹⁴Si both have N = 14).

1 u = 1/12 × mass of ¹²C = 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.

Binding energy BE = Δm·c².