Nuclear Physics
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Physics
Complete topic list for Nuclear Physics in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Physics. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Nuclear Physics
Atomic Nucleus and Its Properties
- The nucleus contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral), collectively called nucleons.
- Atomic number (Z) = number of protons; Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons.
- Neutron number N = A – Z.
Mass Defect and Binding Energy
- The actual mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of its individual protons and neutrons.
- This difference is called mass defect (Δm).
- Mass defect is converted into binding energy via E = Δmc².
Radioactivity and Decay Laws
- Radioactivity is spontaneous emission of α, β, or γ radiation from unstable nuclei.
- α-particles are helium nuclei (⁴₂He), β-particles are fast electrons (⁰₋₁e), γ-rays are high-energy photons.
- α-decay reduces Z by 2, A by 4; β-decay increases Z by 1, A unchanged.
Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion
- Nuclear fission: heavy nucleus splits into lighter fragments, releasing neutrons and energy.
- Fission of ²³⁵U releases ~200 MeV and 2–3 neutrons per event.
- Chain reaction occurs if at least one neutron causes further fission.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Nuclear Physics
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