Cellular Processes
CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology
Summary of Cellular Processes for CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology. Key concepts, important points, and chapter overview.
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Overview
Cellular processes explain how cells communicate, obtain and use energy, divide, become specialised, and move from one place to another. Cell signaling helps cells respond to specific chemical messages through receptors and ligands. Metabolic pathways show how food molecules are broken down and buil
Key Concepts
Cells respond only when they possess
Cells respond only when they possess the correct receptor for a ligand. A receptor is a protein located on the cell surface or inside the cytoplasm or
Metabolism is the use of free
Metabolism is the use of free energy by living organisms. Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones and require energy. Catabolic pa
Glycolysis is a universal pathway
Glycolysis is a universal pathway in the cytosol. Glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules through ten reactions. Hexokinase starts the pathwa
Pyruvate may undergo homolactic fermentation
Pyruvate may undergo homolactic fermentation to form lactate, alcoholic fermentation to form ethanol and carbon dioxide, or aerobic oxidation in mitoc
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is found
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is found only in mitochondria. It catalyses the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, r
Learning Objectives
- Understand how receptors and ligands control cell signaling.
- Classify signaling into paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine types.
- Explain anabolic and catabolic pathways and the role of ATP in metabolism.
- Describe glycolysis, fermentation, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Explain the light reactions, Calvin cycle, and C4 pathway of photosynthesis.
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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