Basic Processes — Revision Notes
CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology
Basic Processes revision notes for CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology: 4 topics in quick points. Part of the CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology syllabus.
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Key Topics to Revise
1. DNA as the Genetic Material
- DNA determines the trait or feature of any organism except a few viruses.
- Johann Friedrich Miescher first isolated an acidic substance from nuclei of pus cells and named it nuclein; it contained DNA and protein.
- Frederick Griffith observed transformation in 1928 while working on pneumonia-causing bacteria.
2. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Organisation
- Prokaryotic genome is a single, double-stranded circular DNA molecule.
- Plasmids are extra DNA loops and are not essential for normal growth in prokaryotes.
- Most bacterial genomes are negatively supercoiled during normal growth.
3. DNA Replication
- Watson and Crick proposed the DNA double-helix structure in 1953 and highlighted complementary base pairing.
- DNA replication is semiconservative: each daughter DNA molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesised strand.
- Messelson and Stahl confirmed semiconservative replication in 1958 using 14N and 15N isotopes and density gradient centrifugation in E. coli.
4. Gene Expression and Transcription
- Gene expression is the process by which genetic information in DNA leads to the formation of a functional product, usually a protein.
- The central dogma is the unidirectional flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein.
- Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA.
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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