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Basic Processes — Syllabus

CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology

What Basic Processes covers in CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session. Part of the CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology syllabus.

86 questions100 flashcards5 concepts

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4 Topics · CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology · 2026-27

Topics in Basic Processes

1

1. DNA as the Genetic Material

  • DNA determines the trait or feature of any organism except a few viruses.
  • Johann Friedrich Miescher first isolated an acidic substance from nuclei of pus cells and named it nuclein; it contained DNA and protein.
  • Frederick Griffith observed transformation in 1928 while working on pneumonia-causing bacteria.
2

2. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Organisation

  • Prokaryotic genome is a single, double-stranded circular DNA molecule.
  • Plasmids are extra DNA loops and are not essential for normal growth in prokaryotes.
  • Most bacterial genomes are negatively supercoiled during normal growth.
3

3. DNA Replication

  • Watson and Crick proposed the DNA double-helix structure in 1953 and highlighted complementary base pairing.
  • DNA replication is semiconservative: each daughter DNA molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesised strand.
  • Messelson and Stahl confirmed semiconservative replication in 1958 using 14N and 15N isotopes and density gradient centrifugation in E. coli.
4

4. Gene Expression and Transcription

  • Gene expression is the process by which genetic information in DNA leads to the formation of a functional product, usually a protein.
  • The central dogma is the unidirectional flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein.
  • Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA.

Key Concepts

Central concept: DNA-based flow of genetic information and its control in living cells

DNA as genetic materialGene organisationDNA replicationGene expressionTranscriptionGenetic codeTranslationGene mutation

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Basic Processes for CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology?
Key topics in Basic Processes include DNA as the Genetic Material, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Organisation, DNA Replication, Gene Expression and Transcription. Study these first, then practise questions on each for Class 11 exams.
How should I revise Basic Processes for Class 11 exams?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 86 practice questions on Basic Processes. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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All CBSE Class 11 Biotechnology Syllabus

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