Cellular Organelles
CBSE · Class 11 · Biotechnology
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1. Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
- It is selectively permeable and has a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it.
- The Fluid Mosaic Model was proposed by Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972.
2. Cell Wall
- Cell wall is present in bacteria, algae, fungi, and higher plants, but not in animal cells.
- In bacteria, the wall is made of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by small peptides.
- Bacterial cell wall is a covalent shell of peptidoglycan chains cross-linked by tetrapeptides.
3. Endomembrane System
- The endomembrane system includes endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vacuole.
- These organelles work together in synthesis, processing, packaging, and transport.
- ER is present only in eukaryotic cells.
4. Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
- A typical mitochondrion is sausage shaped and about 3.0 to 10.0 µm long and 0.5 to 1.5 µm wide.
- It has a double membrane.
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Sources & Official References
- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
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