Introduction to Human Resource Management

Pervasive Function

Step 1: The word 'pervasive' means 'spread throughout' or 'present everywhere'. Step 2: HRM is called a Pervasive Function because it exists in every type of organisation — industries, government, armed forces, sports organisations, etc. Step 3: It is not limited to any one department; it is present in production, marketing, finance, and all other areas. Step 4: 'Challenging Function' refers to the difficulty of managing people. 'Staff Function' means HRM plays an advisory role. 'Young Discipline' refers to HRM being relatively new. Step 5: Therefore, the characteristic that means HRM is prese

Because it is an ongoing, never-ending exercise requiring constant alertness

Step 1: HRM is called a Continuous Function because it never stops — it operates all the time as long as the organisation exists. Step 2: As G.R. Terry said, HRM 'cannot be turned on and off like water from a faucet.' Step 3: Human relations require constant attention every single day — employees need motivation, training, grievance handling, and more on an ongoing basis. Step 4: It is not a one-time or seasonal activity; new challenges with people arise daily. Step 5: Options A, B, and D are incorrect because they suggest HRM is limited or can be paused, which is not true.

HR managers advise operating departments on human resource matters

Step 1: In management, functions are either 'line' (directly responsible for production/sales) or 'staff' (advisory/support). Step 2: HR managers do not directly produce goods or make sales. Step 3: Instead, they support and advise other departments (production, marketing, etc.) on matters related to people — like hiring, training, and pay. Step 4: Their performance is judged by the overall success of the organisation, not individual output. Step 5: Options A, C, and D describe line functions or other roles, not the advisory nature of HRM.

Profit-oriented

Step 1: The characteristics of HRM as listed in the chapter include: people-oriented, comprehensive, staff function, pervasive, challenging, continuous, individual-oriented, development-oriented, action-oriented, future-oriented, interdisciplinary, science and art, and young discipline. Step 2: 'Action-oriented' means HRM focuses on solving human resource problems. Step 3: 'Development-oriented' means HRM helps employees grow. Step 4: 'Future-oriented' means HRM prepares the organisation for future challenges. Step 5: 'Profit-oriented' is NOT listed as a characteristic of HRM — HRM's focus is