Plant Reproduction: Fertilization

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Fertilization in plants is the process where the male gamete from pollen fuses with the female gamete in the ovule. This forms a zygote, which grows into a seed.

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The pollen grain grows a pollen tube down the style to the ovary. The male gametes travel through this tube to reach the ovule for fertilization.

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A zygote is the fertilized egg cell formed when the male and female gametes fuse. It develops into an embryo inside the seed.

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After fertilization, the ovary of the flower swells and ripens into a fruit. The petals, sepals, and stamens dry up and fall off.

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Fruits protect seeds from damage, drying, and animals. For example, a mango has a thick skin and juicy pulp that protects the seed inside.

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Fleshy fruits: Mango, tomato. Dry fruits: Pea, bean. Fleshy fruits have juicy parts, while dry fruits have hard pods that split open.

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A seed has a seed coat (outer cover), cotyledons (seed leaves that store food), and a tiny baby plant called an embryo.

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Cotyledons store food for the baby plant to use until it grows its own leaves and can make food by photosynthesis.