Human Development - Historical Perspective, Industrialisation, and Urbanisation

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Human Development is a way of thinking about progress that focuses on improving people's quality of life, not only increasing income. It includes health, education, dignity, and well-being.

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Mahbub ul Haq is known as the father of the Human Development concept. He shifted attention from economic growth alone to people-centered development.

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The Capabilities Approach explains true development as the expansion of human capabilities, meaning what people are able to be and do. It includes being educated, being healthy, working, and participa…

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The Human Development Index was introduced to measure development in a wider way. It checks health, education, and income together instead of relying on income alone.

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HDI has three main indicators: life expectancy, education level, and per capita income. These show health, knowledge, and standard of living.

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Development mainly focused on fulfilling basic needs like food, water, and shelter. Later, the idea became broader and included human well-being and freedom.

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Environmental heritage provides forests, rivers, mountains, biodiversity, soil, minerals, and traditional ecological knowledge. These support food, water, shelter, raw materials, and energy, which are…

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When natural resources are used too quickly, nature cannot replace them in time. This weakens ecosystems, reduces future resources, and harms long-term development.