Thermal Properties of Matter

It is the amount of heat required to raise temperature of unit mass by 1°C, Water has the highest specific heat capacity among common substances, Its SI unit is J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹

Specific heat capacity is an intensive property (doesn't depend on mass). It's defined as heat needed per unit mass per unit temperature change. Water's high specific heat (4186 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹) makes it excellent for cooling systems.

Conduction, Convection

Conduction and convection require matter (medium) for heat transfer. Conduction occurs through molecular vibrations in solids, convection involves bulk movement of fluids. Radiation can occur through vacuum as electromagnetic waves.

γ = 3α

For isotropic materials, the relationship is γ = 3α. This comes from the fact that volume expansion occurs in all three dimensions. The ratio α : β : γ = 1 : 2 : 3, where β is coefficient of areal expansion.

-40°

Let x be the temperature where °C = °F. Using conversion formula: x = (9/5)x + 32. Solving: x - (9/5)x = 32, (-4/5)x = 32, x = -40. So -40°C = -40°F.