Thermal Properties of Matter

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Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance and determines the degree of hotness. Heat is energy in transit that flows from a body at higher temperature to one a…

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Given: T_C = 27°C For Fahrenheit: T_F = (9/5)T_C + 32 = (9/5) × 27 + 32 = 48.6 + 32 = 80.6°F For Kelvin: T_K = T_C + 273.15 = 27 + 273.15 = 300.15 K Answer: 80.6°F and 300.15 K…

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Zeroth Law: If systems A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with system C, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Significance: This law makes temperature measurement …

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Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion would cease, equal to -273.15°C or 0 K. It is significant because: 1. It represents the lowest possible temperature 2. At thi…

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Ideal Gas Equation: PV = nRT Where: P = Pressure of gas (Pa or N/m²) V = Volume of gas (m³) n = Number of moles of gas R = Universal gas constant = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ T = Absolute temperature (K) This…

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Definition: Coefficient of linear expansion (α) is the increase in length per unit original length at 0°C for one degree rise in temperature. Derivation: Δl/l ∝ ΔT Δl = αlΔT l_T = l₀(1 + αΔT) Where …

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Given: l₀ = 2 m T₁ = 20°C, T₂ = 120°C α = 1.3 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ Formula: Δl = αl₀ΔT ΔT = T₂ - T₁ = 120 - 20 = 100°C Δl = 1.3 × 10⁻⁵ × 2 × 100 Δl = 2.6 × 10⁻³ m = 2.6 mm The rod increases by 2.6 mm in len…

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Derivation: For a cube of side l₀: - Linear: l = l₀(1 + αT) - Area: A = l² = l₀²(1 + αT)² ≈ l₀²(1 + 2αT) So β = 2α - Volume: V = l³ = l₀³(1 + αT)³ ≈ l₀³(1 + 3αT) So γ = 3α Relationship: α : β : γ…