Planning and Organising
NIOS · Class 12 · Business Studies
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Explore the full setWhat is Planning in the context of management?
Answer
Planning is the process of setting future objectives and deciding on the ways and means of achieving them. It involves deciding in advance what is to be done and how it is to be done. For example, bef…
Explain how Planning is the Primary Function of Management.
Answer
Planning is the first and foremost function because it forms the basis for all other managerial functions like organising, staffing, directing, and controlling. Without planning, managers cannot decid…
What does it mean that Planning is 'Goal-Directed'?
Answer
Goal-directed means that all planning activities are aimed at achieving specific predetermined objectives. A manager cannot plan without knowing what goals need to be achieved. For example, if a resta…
What is meant by Planning being 'Pervasive'?
Answer
Pervasive means that planning is relevant at all levels of management and across all functional areas of the organisation. Top-level managers plan for the entire organisation with long-term perspectiv…
Identify the limitation of planning where plans become too rigid and inflexible.
Answer
This limitation is called 'Rigidity'. When managers strictly follow predetermined plans regardless of changed circumstances, they become inflexible in operations. For example, if a clothing manufactur…
Why is planning 'Probabilistic' considered a limitation?
Answer
Planning is probabilistic because plans are based on forecasts and predictions about the future, which may not reflect reality. Predictions can be incorrect due to unforeseen events. For example, even…
What is the Planning Process step 1 - Establishment of Objectives?
Answer
Establishment of Objectives is the first step where the organisation defines what it wants to achieve in concrete, clear, and unambiguous terms. For example, instead of vaguely saying 'increase sales,…
Explain the difference between External and Internal Planning Premises.
Answer
External Planning Premises relate to conditions outside the business like market demand, competition, government policies, laws, resource availability, and technological changes. For example, a smartp…
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