Control and Coordination

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Control and coordination refers to the ability of living organisms to detect changes in their environment and respond appropriately through controlled movements. This involves specialized tissues that…

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A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic unit of the nervous system. Its main parts are: (i) Dendrites - receive information, (ii) Cell body - contains nucleus, (iii) Axon - carries electrical impul…

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Information travels as electrical impulses: (1) Receptors detect stimuli and create electrical impulses, (2) Impulse travels from dendrite to cell body, (3) Then along the axon to its end, (4) At axon…

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A synapse is the gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted. When an electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, it triggers the release of chemicals (neurotransmitters). These ch…

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A reflex action is an automatic, rapid response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought. It involves a reflex arc that bypasses the brain for quick response. Example: Pulling hand away fro…

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A reflex arc is a simple neural pathway that connects sensory neurons directly to motor neurons through the spinal cord, bypassing the brain. It consists of: receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → …

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The brain has three main parts: (1) Fore-brain - main thinking part, processes sensory information, controls voluntary actions, contains hunger centers, (2) Mid-brain - controls involuntary actions li…

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Voluntary actions are consciously controlled movements that we think about before doing (like writing, walking, talking). They are controlled by the fore-brain. Involuntary actions happen automaticall…