Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
ICSE · Class 11 · Chemistry
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1. Need for Classification and Early Attempts
- About 118 elements are currently known.
- A systematic study of elements becomes easier when elements with similar properties are grouped together.
- Dmitri Mendeleev developed the Periodic Law in 1869 and classified elements on the basis of atomic weights.
2. Mendeleev's Periodic Law and Table
- Mendeleev's Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements, as well as the formulae and properties of their compounds, are periodic functions of their atomic weights.
- Mendeleev arranged elements in increasing order of atomic weights but sometimes ignored this order to keep similar elements together.
- His table helped predict unknown elements and their properties.
3. Modern Periodic Law and Long Form Periodic Table
- Henry Moseley showed that atomic number is the most fundamental property of an element and is responsible for physical and chemical behaviour.
- Modern Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
- The long form periodic table is based on atomic number.
4. Blocks of the Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration
- The periodic table is divided into s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block on the basis of the subshell in which the differentiating electron enters.
- s-block elements belong to groups 1 and 2 and have valence-shell configuration ns1 or ns2.
- p-block elements belong to groups 13 to 18 and generally have configuration ns2 np1-6; helium is an exception.
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