Soils — Chapter Summary
ICSE · Class 11 · Geography
Summary of Soils for ICSE Class 11 Geography. Key concepts: Soil is the thin surface, A soil profile is a vertical and The.
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Overview
Soil is a thin surface layer formed from weathered rocks, decayed organic matter, living organisms, water and air. It is the base of agriculture and supports human life by supplying nutrients, moisture and a medium for plant growth. Soil formation is a slow process controlled by rock material, clima
Key Concepts
Soil is the thin surface
Soil is the thin surface-layer on the earth made up of mineral particles, decayed organic material, living organisms, soil water and soil atmosphere.
A soil profile is a vertical
A soil profile is a vertical section from the surface down to the bedrock showing different horizons. Soil normally has four horizons: A-Horizon, B-Ho
The
The A-Horizon is the uppermost layer, also called top soil. It contains humus and organic matter and is the zone of eluviation.
The B
The B-Horizon lies below the A-Horizon and is called subsoil. It contains weathered rock material, sand, silt and clay. It is the zone of illuviation.
The C
The C-Horizon consists of weathered parent rock material. The D-Horizon is unweathered parent rock or bedrock and is not part of the soil profile.
Learning Objectives
- Understand the meaning and composition of soil
- Describe the soil profile and its horizons
- Explain the physical and chemical properties of soil
- Identify the main factors and processes of soil formation
- Classify soils on the basis of climate and rainfall
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Sources & Official References
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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