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Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity

ICSE · Class 11 · Psychology

Quick revision notes for Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity — ICSE Class 11 Psychology. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.

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Key Topics to Revise

1

7.1 Thinking – Nature, Elements, and Types

  • Thinking is a silent and implicit cognitive activity involving formation of images, ideas, and concepts.
  • It is a tool that helps humans understand situations, identify goals, and devise ways to achieve them.
  • Language and thinking are deeply linked — without language, thinking is not fully possible.
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7.2 Reasoning – Types and Errors

  • Reasoning is the logical, purposive, and controlled type of thinking used to solve complex problems.
  • Garrett defined reasoning as 'stepwise thinking with a purpose or goal in mind.'
  • Munn defined it as 'combining past experiences to solve a problem which cannot be solved by mere reproduction of earlier solutions.'
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7.3 Decision Making

  • Decision making is the process of selecting a logical option from several available alternatives.
  • It involves identifying the problem, gathering information, evaluating options, and choosing the best alternative.
  • A good decision maker must foresee the outcomes of each option before choosing.
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7.4 Problem Solving

  • Problem solving is a higher cognitive functioning required when the direct path to a goal is blocked by obstacles.
  • Woodworth and Marquis: 'Problem solving behaviour occurs in novel or difficult situations in which a solution is not obtainable by habitual methods.'
  • Skinner: 'Problem solving is a process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with the attainment of a goal.'

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Key Concepts

Thinking is an implicit cognitive functioningImages are mental pictures of peopleLanguage is a sophisticated cognitive achievementA concept is a common ideaConcept formation involves three stages

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