Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity
ICSE · Class 11 · Psychology
Complete topic list for Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity in ICSE Class 11 Psychology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity
7.1 Thinking – Nature, Elements, and Types
- Thinking is a silent and implicit cognitive activity involving formation of images, ideas, and concepts.
- It is a tool that helps humans understand situations, identify goals, and devise ways to achieve them.
- Language and thinking are deeply linked — without language, thinking is not fully possible.
7.2 Reasoning – Types and Errors
- Reasoning is the logical, purposive, and controlled type of thinking used to solve complex problems.
- Garrett defined reasoning as 'stepwise thinking with a purpose or goal in mind.'
- Munn defined it as 'combining past experiences to solve a problem which cannot be solved by mere reproduction of earlier solutions.'
7.3 Decision Making
- Decision making is the process of selecting a logical option from several available alternatives.
- It involves identifying the problem, gathering information, evaluating options, and choosing the best alternative.
- A good decision maker must foresee the outcomes of each option before choosing.
7.4 Problem Solving
- Problem solving is a higher cognitive functioning required when the direct path to a goal is blocked by obstacles.
- Woodworth and Marquis: 'Problem solving behaviour occurs in novel or difficult situations in which a solution is not obtainable by habitual methods.'
- Skinner: 'Problem solving is a process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with the attainment of a goal.'
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