Methods of Psychology
ICSE · Class 11 · Psychology
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2.1 Scientific Methods in Psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt pioneered systematic inquiry into psychology using introspection in the late 18th century
- Scientific methods in psychology involve systematic inquiry using qualitative, quantitative, and ethological approaches
- There are multiple scientific methods: observation, case study, survey, interview, and experimental methods
2.1.1 Observational Method
- Observation involves recording, perceiving, analyzing, and interpreting others' behaviors through careful systematic observation
- Behaviors are overt manifestations of mental activities
- Observation has been used since early development of scientific methods in psychology
2.1.2 Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Methods
- Both are observational methods used primarily in Developmental Psychology
- Longitudinal studies track same group over extended time periods (years or decades)
- Longitudinal studies detect changes in characteristics across time - excellent for developmental trajectories
2.1.3 Case Study Method
- Descriptive research approach involving in-depth investigation of individual, group, or psychological phenomenon
- Frederick Le Play first introduced case study method in social science research
- Sigmund Freud extensively used case studies and developed psychoanalysis based on them
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