Drainage

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Indian drainage is divided into two broad groups: Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers. Himalayan rivers are older in origin and cut deep gorges through young fold mountains, while Peninsular rivers…

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Himalayan rivers are called antecedent rivers because they existed before the Himalayas were fully formed. As the mountains rose, these rivers kept cutting down through them and formed deep gorges. Th…

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Indobrahma or Shiwalik river refers to a hypothesised ancient river that once flowed from Assam to Punjab and even up to Sind. It is said to have carried the combined flow of the Indus, Ganga, and Bra…

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The dismemberment of the Indobrahma river is linked to two main causes: upheavals in the western Himalayas including the Potwar Plateau during the Pleistocene age, and headward erosion by its tributar…

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The theory is challenged on three grounds: Shiwalik deposits can be explained by rivers from the Himalayas, the depositional history of the Ganga delta and Assam does not fit the idea of one huge stre…

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Consequent drainage is drainage that develops after the landform structure is established, often following the general slope of the land. Peninsular rivers mainly represent consequent drainage. Narmad…

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Most Peninsular rivers flow from west to east because the general slope of the Peninsular plateau is from west to east. The Western Ghats originally formed the watershed, and later changes in the plat…

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Himalayan rivers are long, have large basins, are perennial, form deep gorges, meander more, and represent antecedent drainage. Peninsular rivers are generally shorter, have smaller basins, are season…