Gauss' theorem

A plane area is treated as

A plane area is treated as a vector whose magnitude is the area and whose direction is along the outward normal. It is written as A = A · n̂. This mak

Solid angle measures how large

Solid angle measures how large a surface appears from a point. For a small area element, dω = dA cosθ / r². One steradian is the solid angle when the

Electric flux is the measure

Electric flux is the measure of the number of electric field lines passing through a surface. For an open surface, Φ_E = ∫ E·dA, and for a closed surf

The net electric flux through any

The net electric flux through any closed surface is equal to q/ε₀, where q is the net charge enclosed. It is written as Φ_E = ∮ E·dA = q/ε₀. It is val

A Gaussian surface is an arbitrary

A Gaussian surface is an arbitrary closed hypothetical surface used to calculate flux. It must be closed, pass through the point where the field is re