India From 6th To 14th Century

Razia Sultan

Razia Sultan (Razia Begum) was the first woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate. She became the successor of Iltamush because his son Ruknuddin Feroze was incompetent. She earned the title 'Sultana' and participated in military activities by wearing men's clothing. She expanded her kingdom from Sindh to Bengal, but envious provincial officers eventually revolted against her and killed her. The other options were from the Mughal period, not the Delhi Sultanate.

Khilji Dynasty

The Khilji Dynasty, particularly under Allauddin Khilji, established the 'Huliya' system. This was a military reform where systematic records of soldiers and their horses were maintained. Along with this, they practiced stamping of horses and made the Wazir responsible for appointment, training, arms, ammunition, and salary payment of soldiers. This system helped in better military organization and prevented corruption in the army recruitment process.

Mohammad bin Tughlaq

Mohammad bin Tughlaq shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) in Madhya Pradesh. His intention was to place the capital in the center of his kingdom and protect it from Mongol invasions. However, this decision proved disastrous because he failed to make proper arrangements for the massive population transfer, causing immense suffering to the people. He eventually had to shift the capital back to Delhi.

Started by Qutubbuddin Aibak, completed by Iltamush

The construction of Qutub Minar was started by Qutubbuddin Aibak, the founder of the Ghulam dynasty, and was completed by his successor Iltamush. The Qutub Minar is 225 feet in height with delicate carvings and has 5 floors with steps leading to them. It remains the tallest tower in India and is an excellent example of Indo-Islamic architecture with intricate designs and inscriptions.