Madhya Pradesh Board Class 12 Political Science — Chapter Summary

The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the bipolar world order that had divided world politics into two rival blocs led by the United States and the USSR. The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 and broken on 9 November 1989, became the strongest symbol of that division and of its end. The chapte

India became independent at midnight on 14-15 August 1947, but freedom immediately brought major problems. Partition caused violence, displacement, and uncertainty. At the same time, the new state had to protect unity in a land of great diversity, build democracy in practice, and improve the well-be

The end of bipolar world politics made room for new centres of power that could influence global politics and economics without relying only on the United States. Europe, East and Southeast Asia, and China emerged as important alternatives. The European Union built regional integration through share