Challenges of nation building
Madhya Pradesh Board · Class 12 · Political Science
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1. The three major challenges after independence
- Independent India faced three broad challenges.
- First challenge: shaping a united nation while respecting diversity.
- Second challenge: establishing democracy in practice, not just in the Constitution.
2. Partition: displacement, violence, and rehabilitation
- India and Pakistan came into existence at midnight on 14-15 August 1947.
- Partition was based on the principle of religious majorities.
- The two-nation theory was advanced by the Muslim League and opposed by the Congress.
3. Gandhi, Nehru, and Jinnah on the new situation
- Mahatma Gandhi did not celebrate Independence Day on 15 August 1947.
- He was in Kolkata and worked for communal harmony during riots.
- He undertook fasts to restore peace in Kolkata and later in Delhi.
4. Integration of Princely States
- British India had two parts: British Indian Provinces and Princely States.
- Princely States were ruled by princes and enjoyed internal control while accepting British supremacy.
- There were 565 Princely States.
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