Nitrogen Metabolism — Chapter Summary
NIOS · Class 12 · Biology
Summary of Nitrogen Metabolism for NIOS Class 12 Biology. Key concepts: Nitrogen exists, The nitrogen cycle is and Abiological nitrogen fixation.
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Overview
Nitrogen is one of the most essential elements for all living organisms, ranking second only to carbon in biological importance. While the atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen gas (N₂), most organisms cannot directly utilize this atmospheric nitrogen due to the molecule's exceptional stability (triple b
Key Concepts
Nitrogen exists in the atmosphere as
Nitrogen exists in the atmosphere as diatomic nitrogen (N₂) with a triple covalent bond (N≡N) that makes it extremely stable and unreactive under norm
The nitrogen cycle is a continuous
The nitrogen cycle is a continuous process that converts atmospheric N₂ into biologically available forms and returns it back to the atmosphere. Key s
Abiological nitrogen fixation converts N₂
Abiological nitrogen fixation converts N₂ to ammonia without involving living cells. It occurs through two main processes: (1) Industrial fixation via
Biological nitrogen fixation is the enzymatic
Biological nitrogen fixation is the enzymatic reduction of N₂ to ammonia by specialized microorganisms containing the enzyme nitrogenase. Free-living
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs when nitrogen
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs when nitrogen-fixing microorganisms establish special relationships with other organisms. Key examples include: (1)
Learning Objectives
- Describe the modes of nitrogen fixation including both biological and abiological processes
- Explain the steps involved in nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms
- Understand symbiotic nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants and the role of Rhizobium
- Describe the assimilation of nitrate and ammonia by plants through enzymatic reduction
- Explain amino acid synthesis in plants through reductive amination and transamination reactions
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