Hydroxy Compounds and Ethers

A secondary carbocation that undergoes 1,2-hydride shift to form a more stable tertiary carbocation

Step 1 – 3,3-Dimethylbutan-2-ol: CH₃CH(OH)C(CH₃)₃. Protonation of –OH by H₂SO₄ gives oxonium ion, which loses water to form a secondary carbocation at C-2. Step 2 – The secondary carbocation (less stable) undergoes a 1,2-hydride shift: a hydrogen with its bonding electrons migrates from C-3 to C-2. This converts the secondary carbocation to a MORE stable tertiary carbocation at C-3. Step 3 – The tertiary carbocation at C-3 then loses a proton (Saytzeff's rule) to give the most substituted alkene: 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene (4 alkyl substituents, 64% yield). Step 4 – Option C is wrong: a tertiary

Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)

Step 1 – The oxidation of primary alcohol normally proceeds: R-CH₂OH → R-CHO → R-COOH. The challenge is to STOP at aldehyde stage. Step 2 – PCC (Pyridinium chlorochromate, C₅H₅NH⁺CrO₃Cl⁻) is a mild oxidising agent that selectively oxidises primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones. It does NOT further oxidise aldehydes to carboxylic acids because the reaction conditions (anhydrous, mild) do not support the hydration of aldehyde needed for further oxidation. Step 3 – Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ (Option A) and KMnO₄/H₂SO₄ (Option C) are STRONG oxidising agents. They oxidise primary

Riemer-Tiemann reaction

Step 1 – The Riemer-Tiemann reaction involves treating phenol with chloroform (CHCl₃) in the presence of NaOH. A –CHO group is introduced at the ORTHO position of the phenol ring. Step 2 – Mechanism: CHCl₃ + NaOH → :CCl₂ (dichlorocarbene, a highly reactive electrophile). This electrophile attacks the activated benzene ring at the ortho position (–OH is ortho/para director). Step 3 – The intermediate substituted benzal dichloride is hydrolysed by NaOH to give the ortho-hydroxy benzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde). Step 4 – Do not confuse with: Kolbe-Schmitt (uses CO₂/NaOH, gives salicylic acid), S

Cumene hydroperoxide

Step 1 – Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is prepared by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with propene in presence of H₃PO₄ at 523K. Step 2 – When air is passed through a mixture of cumene and 5% aqueous Na₂CO₃, the benzylic C-H bond is oxidised by O₂. The secondary benzylic carbon readily forms a radical, which reacts with O₂ to form cumene hydroperoxide: C₆H₅C(CH₃)₂–O–O–H. Step 3 – Cumene hydroperoxide on treatment with dilute H₂SO₄ undergoes cleavage (Hock rearrangement) to give phenol (C₆H₅OH) and acetone (CH₃COCH₃). Step 4 – This is the industrial (Dow's cumene) process for phenol product