Reproductive Health

Up to 8 blastomeres; transferred to the fallopian tube

Step 1: ZIFT stands for Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer. Step 2: In this technique, fertilization is done outside the body (as in IVF). Step 3: The key feature of ZIFT is that the zygote — allowed to develop up to the 8-blastomere stage — is transferred into the fallopian tube (not the uterus) using laparoscopy. Step 4: After transfer, the zygote continues its natural cell divisions and migrates toward the uterus where it implants. Step 5: This is different from IUT (Intra Uterine Transfer), where an embryo with MORE than 8 blastomeres is placed directly into the uterus. The fallopian tube des

High prolactin levels suppress GnRH release, thereby preventing menstrual cycles

Step 1: During breastfeeding, suckling by the baby stimulates the mother's pituitary gland. Step 2: This stimulation causes increased secretion of prolactin, a hormone responsible for milk production. Step 3: The high concentration of prolactin in the mother's blood acts on the hypothalamus to suppress the release of GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone). Step 4: Without adequate GnRH, the pituitary does not release sufficient gonadotropins (FSH and LH), which are needed for the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Step 5: This results in delayed ovarian cycles — called lactational amenorrhoea — whi

Chlamydiasis — Chlamydia trachomatis

Step 1: This question tests your ability to correctly match diseases with their causative agents. Step 2: Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum (a spirochaete bacterium), NOT Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Step 3: Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, NOT Treponema pallidum. Students often confuse these two. Step 4: Genital warts are caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), NOT Herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex virus causes genital herpes. Step 5: Chlamydiasis is correctly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis — this is the only correctly matched pair among the options. Chlamydia also causes ly

Ban sex determination using prenatal diagnostic techniques to prevent female foeticide

Step 1: PCPNDT stands for Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act. Step 2: With small family norms and a cultural preference for male children, techniques like amniocentesis were being misused to determine the sex of the foetus. Step 3: If the foetus was found to be female, selective abortions (female foeticide) were performed, leading to a skewed sex ratio (declining from 927 to 919 females per 1000 males). Step 4: To address this, the PCPNDT Act of 1994 was enacted to ban the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques for the purpose of sex identification. Step 5: MTP was legalized