Light

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Light is a form of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves and produces the sensation of sight. It is one of the fundamental forms of energy. Light travels in straight lines through a uniform med…

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The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. This means that the direction of light reflection is confined to a single 2D plane, not scatter…

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The angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r): i = r. Both angles are measured from the normal (perpendicular line) to the reflecting surface, not from the surface itself. This ap…

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Lateral inversion is the apparent left-right reversal seen in plane mirrors. However, mirrors don't actually reverse left and right - they reverse front and back (inside-out reversal). This optical il…

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Real images: Light rays actually converge after reflection/refraction. They are inverted and can be projected on a screen. Example: Image formed by concave mirror when object is beyond focal length. V…

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Rule 1: A ray through the center of curvature reflects back along its own path. Rule 2: A ray parallel to principal axis reflects through (concave) or appears to come from (convex) the focal point. Ru…

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Using mirror formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v, where u = -15 cm, f = -10 cm. So: 1/-10 = 1/-15 + 1/v → 1/v = -1/10 + 1/15 = -3+2/30 = -1/30 → v = -30 cm. Image position: 30 cm in front of mirror. Nature: Real…

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Magnification m = h_image / h_object = -4 / 2 = -2 (negative sign indicates real, inverted image). The image is twice the size of the object. Alternatively, using m = -v/u: if magnification is -2, the…